Compiled from published field references. It has not been reviewed by a botanist or herbarium. Always confirm against a second source, and seek local knowledge — the same species can differ by region and season.
• V-shaped contour lines pointing uphill on topo map = drainage lines
• Dense green vegetation in dry landscape = subsurface moisture below
• Rock outcrops and cliff bases — water seeps through fractures, pools at base
• Animal tracks converging — multiple tracks merging = water source nearby
• Insect swarms (midges, mosquitoes) in dry conditions = water within 500m
• Bird flight paths at dawn/dusk — grain-eating birds (cockatoos, pigeons, doves) fly low and direct toward water morning and evening
• River She-Oak (Casuarina) — lines creek banks and drainage lines
• Native ferns and mosses — indicate consistent moisture, especially on south-facing slopes
• Reeds and rushes — permanent or near-permanent water
• Eucalyptus with bright green foliage in dry season — roots reaching permanent water table
• Sandstone escarpment bases — water seeps through porous rock and pools at the contact zone
• Base of rocky hills and gorges — look for dark staining or green algae on rock faces
• Spinifex rings — dead centre of old spinifex rings sometimes hold moisture
• Claypans after rain — temporary but substantial. Check low-lying areas on topo map
• Strong sulphur or rotten egg smell — hydrogen sulphide, contaminated groundwater
• Dead animals nearby or in the water
• Frothy, foamy surface in still conditions — chemical or biological contamination
• Yellow or orange staining on rocks — acid mine drainage in mining regions
• No other animals drinking from it — trust the wildlife
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